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The Ultimate Guide to Input Output Functions in C

C Statements – Input Output Functions in C

• There are two types of C Statements.
  1.Input Statements
  2.Output Statements
• A program‘s “Input” refers to the data provided, and its “Output” refers to the outcome.
• A function can be imagined as a set of statements aimed at performing a task.

Input Functions	Output Functions
getchar()	putchar()
gets()	puts()
scanf()	printf()

getchar():

getchar() function takes the character and stores it into a variable.

ch=getchar();

Here getchar() function takes the character and stores it into a variable.

putchar():

Using putchar() function we can display a single character as output on the monitor.

Ex:putchar(ch);

Here putchar() function is taking a variable ‘ch’ and it sends the content of that variable to the monitor.

Example: Program to accept and display a single character

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    charch;
    ch=getchar();
    putchar(ch);
}

Here, main() function from where a c program execution starts.After main() function, we should write { which represents the beginning of the main() function and } hwhich represents ending of the function.

char ch;

Here, ch is a variable declared as char type.So, it is possible to store a single character in ch.

ch=getchar();

Here,getchar() function waits for input of a single characher. When we enter a character from the keyboard, it reads it and then stores it into the variable ch. Storage is done by the symbol ‘=’ which is called ‘assignment operator’.

putchar(ch);

Here,putchar() function is displaying the content of ch on the monitor.

gets():

This function is useful to accept a string from the keyboard and store it into a variable.

gets(str);

In this statement gets() function will accept a string from the keyboard and stores into the variable set.

puts():

This function displays a string on the monitor.

puts(str);

Here,the content of ‘str’ is displayed.

Example: Program to accept and display a name.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
    charstr(20);
    puts("type your name");
    gets(str);
    puts(str);
}

In above program

char str[20];

It represents an array of characters.The name of the array is str. After the array name, we should weite [ and ] braces. So, str[] array can accommodate a maximum of 20 characters.

scanf():

This function is useful to accept any type of input. It may be a number, a character or a string.

General Format: scanf(“format string”,variable list);

Format string is a string that can represent any of the following format characters shown in table.

Format String	Meaning
%c	A Single character
%s	A word
%[^\n]	A group of words
%i	A decimal integer
%d	Double integer number.
%f	A floating point number
%lf	A long floating point number
%c	Octal number
%x or %X	Hexadecimal Number
%e or %E	Number in specific form(1.2.e5 means 1.2X10 power 5)

As shown below, a comma should separate the variables in scanf().

scanf("%x",&num);

Here, num1 and num2 are variables of integer types. “%d” represents the format string for accepting decimal integer numbers.

printf():

This function is useful to display a character, a string or any numeric value.

General Format:printf(“format string”,variable list);

Backslash codes are also called escape sequences.

Backslash	Code
\n	To throw the cursor into a new line
\a	Beep sound
\t	Horizontal tab space
\r	Works like enter button in printing
\\	A single \.
\’	‘
\”	“